This review systematically explores the integration of optical sensing technologies with AI, charting the advancement from conventional optical microsystems to AI-driven smart devices. For large neural systems capable of general intelligence, the attributes of photonics for communication and electronics for computation are complementary and interdependent. Using light for communication enables high fan-out as well as low-latency signaling across large systems with no. Solutions powered by AI improve data interpretation, allowing real-time analysis and predictive modeling that were not feasible before. In recent years, the landscape has rapidly evolved. Researchers and practitioners are confronted with a myriad of opportunities and challenges that demand a deep. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Op- toelectronics, Global Sustainability, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Environmental Monitoring, Photonics, Ocean Optics, Smart Cities, Material Discovery, Predictive Maintenance, Cli- mate Change Monitoring, Light-Matter Interactions Abstract— The. Optical sensors have undergone significant evolution, transitioning from discrete optical microsystems toward sophisticated photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that leverage artificial intelligence (AI) for enhanced functionality. This perspective summarizes the Nobel laureates' contributions, highlighting the.
